The Treaty of Versailles Questions and Answers

The Treaty of Versailles Questions and Answers Core Assessment 2 1. What did Wilson hope to achieve from the Peace Settlement of 1919-1920? (4) Woodrow Wilson was an idealist and hoped to achieve the 14 points at the peace settlement of 1919-1920. One point that he wanted to achieve was self-determination for all nations but specifically for smaller Eastern states. Another thing in which he wanted was to set up the league of nations and, among other things wanted Alsace-Lorraine returned to France and freedom of the seas. He also wanted to stop any more secret treaties from being made, and disarmament across all countries.   A big thing that Wilson wanted was not to treat Germany too harshly as he did not want any future wars. 2. Why did Clemenceau and Lloyd George disagree over how to treat Germany? (6) One reason why Lloyd George and Clemenceau disagreed over how to treat Germany was because of how their countries had been affected economically. Lloyd George did not want to treat Germany too harshly as he wanted to resume trade with Germany as soon as possible mainly because Germany had been its 2nd largest trading partner. Lloyd George wanted to use the money that Britain made from trading with Germany to fund the growth of the British Empire.   He also wanted to keep Germany politically stable so that extremist groups would not form in Germany, take control and start another war. No one wanted any further conflict as the war was so devastating. However, Clemenceau wanted to punish Germany very harshly through forcing them to pay reparations to France in money and if they dont have that then they would take land from Germany. The reason for Clemenceau wanting such a strong punishment was because France had suffered very high civilian casualties which were far higher than what th e UK had suffered. This was because most of the war had been fought on Frances land and this had made France loathe Germany and want revenge on it, this had also greatly lowered the morale of the French people. Also, France had suffered particularly large economic and industrial problems and so it wanted to use the reparations provided by Germany to resolve these problems and improve the morale of the French people. Another reason why Lloyd George and Clemenceau disagreed over how to treat Germany was because France saw Germany as a hostile and powerful threat to their country. This was because most of World War 1 had been fought on French soil and in 1871 in the Franco-Prussian war Germany took Alsace-Lorraine away from France. France had 1.7 million casualties by the end of World War 1 which was 2/3 of all the men that had fought for it in the war, this meant that the public of France wanted Germany to pay as they had all lost someone special and they held Germany responsible for this. Clemenceau wanted to cripple Germany so that it no longer posed a threat to France. On the other hand, Britain had sustained far less physical damage and so it was not seeking to cripple Germany for revenge. Lloyd George still wanted to make Germany pay but he did not want to be too harsh on it.   This may have been because France shared a border with Germany whereas Britain was only connected to Germany via t he sea and so the threat was much greater and nearer to home for France than it was in Britain. Therefore, this was why Clemenceau and Lloyd George disagreed over how to treat Germany. 3. The Treaty of Versailles was a fair settlement. How far do you agree? (10) Some people think that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair settlement and there is evidence to support both sides. Many of these people think that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair settlement because Germany was blamed for starting the war. This meant that as they were responsible for causing the destruction of land, buildings, economies and peoples lives, they should have to be the ones who paid compensation to the allied countries in the form of reparations. The Treaty of Versailles also formed a demilitarised zone in the Rhineland and Alsace Loraine was given to France. To many people, this was seen to be fair as it prevented Germany from being aggressive towards France again like it had been in the past such as in 1871 in the Franco-Prussian war when Germany took Alsace-Lorraine away from France. The Rhineland is the German part of land between itself and France and so by not being allowed to have any military in this area it provided France with some reassurance that Germany would no longer pose a threat. The restrictions in Germanys army, navy and air force was also seen by many to be fai r as it reduced the threat of war and made other countries such as Britain feel slightly safer as Germany was limited to only 6 battleships which would mean that Germany would not have the strength to attack Britain through the seas. Finally, lots of people believe that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair settlement as when Russia decided to pull out of the war, Germany punished it very harshly through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and so it was only fair that Germany have the same level of punishment. All of these reasons make many people believe that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair settlement. However, other people may not think that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair settlement because of Article 231, which placed all of the blame for starting the war onto Germany. They argue that the war had actually started because of the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand leading to Austria-Hungary going to war with Russia and that Germany was only defending her ally Austria-Hungary. These people also think that the reparations in which Germany was made to pay were very unfair. This is because if it were not for the young plan of 1929, Germany would not have finished paying off its reparations until 1984. This was 66 years after World War 1 had ended! Other people also feel that the limitations on Germanys army, navy and air force were very unfair as they had been Germanys pride and joy and by losing this she felt weak, humiliated and vulnerable to other countries surrounding her which had not been forced to limit its army. By having its navy limited to only 6 battleships, Germany fe lt that this left its waters un-defendable especially to Britain which had the largest navy in the world which was mainly due to the fact that it is an island. Furthermore, some people feel that stripping Germany of its raw materials and industry was very unfair because of the long term effects in which it would have on its economy. The Treaty of Versailles made Germany lose 12.5% of its population which meant that it lost a lot of its workers and it lost the Saar coalfields to France. This had provided Germany with 16% of its coal and so it was no wonder that some people, particularly Germany, felt that the Treaty of Versailles was a very unfair settlement. In conclusion, it could be argued that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair or unfair settlement, however, the above arguments suggest that the Treaty of Versailles was overall unfair towards Germany. This is proven by history as the young plan had to be formed in 1929 due to Germany not being able to otherwise pay off the reparations demanded by the allies until 1984 and the fact that in 1945 there was a second world war and so it is hardly surprising that many people believe that the Treaty of Versailles was an unfair settlement.

Harcourt Brace & Company Essay

The essence of the female self in Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse is one that encapsulates unity above a disparaging patriarchy. The second part of the book Time Passes emphasizes this point with the symbolism prevalent in the war. That is to say, that while men seek out self-pity as Mr. Ramsey does, as men seek to conquer and control through force or coercion as Mr. Ramsey does by trying to get his wife to tell him she loves him, women are the counterpart to this chaos. Virginia Woolf presents women in her novel as quite capable of being power figures while retaining a distinct feminine side. The following essay will present the argument that To the Lighthouse is a novel primarily observant of the differences of the traditional versus the modern female role. Both of these roles are presented accurately in Mrs. Ramsey’s personality. It is her dichotomy of the role of female that this paper will argue is the balance between modern and traditional woman. In Mrs. Ramsey’s character is found the conglomeration of both modern and traditional roles for women. She at once prioritizes herself to fit the needs and fulfill the needs of the men around her. For example, she offers her husband loving support whenever he reveals himself to be self-pitying. She does not chastise him but encourages hope in all of her relations with her husband. This means that even though as a modern woman she cannot bring herself to say the words I love you, she does in fact love him, and she shows it through analogy by agreeing with his mandates. One such mandate is that the trip to the lighthouse that their son James wants so fervently to go on cannot be accomplished because the weather the next day will be too rough of a voyage. Although Mrs. Ramsay does not tell her husband she loves him, her acquiesce to his command says as much. She is willing to allow her husband to know her feelings only through metaphor and symbols, not through actual words. This is very much a modern woman because a traditional woman would not have enough personality to oppose the wants of her husband by still giving him what he wants in a fashion. In addition, Mrs. Ramsay acquiesces with most of the men who are guests at the house. This shows the more traditional side of her as a woman. Her attention is more centered on the male guests needs than it is for the women who are also staying at the house. This focused attention proves that Mrs. Ramsey is being presented by Woolf in a more structured outline of the traditional woman. Mrs. Ramsey caters to the men’s needs in whatever capacity possible. However, she only caters to them because she believes they are not strong enough to support themselves or do too much of anything independently. She lavishes the men in the house will support in their direction and opinions because she believes they need constant attention because a they have fragile self-esteem. This self-esteem is emphasized with the portrayal Woolf delivers of Mr. Ramsey. Although Mrs. Ramsey supports and loves her husband, she too finds it difficult to constantly give him affirmation. Another capacity by which Mrs. Ramsey plays the traditional female role is through her motherhood. It is James that most of her attention is devoted. Even though James holds great resentment towards his father for denying him his wish to visit the lighthouse, Mrs. Ramsey persists in giving James hope that it may be possible. She does this not to promise something false but to keep alive in her son the sense of wonderment in life. This does not fit the description of a modern woman. The idea of tradition being enveloped inside of motherhood is one that Woolf delivers with exact replication with Mrs. Ramsey. With Augustus Carmichael, she behaves in the same fashion as she does with her son James and her husband. Mrs. Ramsey is not very fond of Augustus but when she makes a trip into town, she asks him if there is anything, he is in need of. She does this simple act of kindness because she believes in the good in people and is not a cynic. In the dichotomy of the traditional and modern female role the catering to the needs of men, even men for which a woman cares nothing for, it is in Mrs. Ramsey’s traditional female nature, her motherhood, to give to men their desires. According to Woolf in her novel, To the Lighthouse men are more like children than like adults. It is with men that wars are started (as is evident in the second part of the book). Men are centered on their ego; therefore, their world exists around them and everything is focused on their needs. Children are the same way. Children exist in their own world, and in this world, their desires are fulfilled indefinitely and unconditionally. By this statement, it is evident that the traditional role that Mrs. Ramsey fulfills in the novel is by the above definition a role she fulfills as a mother. Therefore, contingently, Mrs. Ramsey is not only at once fulfilling a traditional role, by also a modern female role. This is accomplished by Woolf through Mrs. Ramsay by presenting to the reader Mrs. Ramsey as a mother and by extension her role as a mother as it pertains to men. Mrs. Ramsey treats men the way she treats men (as children) because she is a mother. She is not subservient to men as a traditional female role would declare but instead as a mother she transcends the traditional role into the modern female role because she believes that men need her help because they are incapable of helping themselves. Mrs. Ramsey’s traditional role in the novel morphs into a modern role as the book progresses. In this progression, the reader can witness how Mrs. Ramsey changes her roles by small revelations that the character herself gives the reader. It is not therefore necessary to say that there exists a breadth of difference for Mrs. Ramsey between being a traditional woman to being a modern woman, but it is prevalent to state that by these small revelations to the audience into the depth of Mrs. Ramsey’s character that she was always intended to be portrayed as a modern woman. The transition between traditional to modern woman can more aptly be seen in Lily Briscoe’s character. At the beginning of the book, she is a traditional woman because she lacks self-confidence. She allows the opinion of the men in the house to undermine her work as a painter and by succumbing to their ideas; she is not a dominant character and therefore a modern woman. The traditional woman is seen as submissive and without threat to men’s opinions; Lily fulfills this in the first part of Woolf’s novel. Before the end of the first part of the book however, Lily is being presented with more of a modern woman personality. This is seen in her rejection of Mrs. Ramsey’s life. Mrs. Ramsey is representational of the traditional woman because she is married and she has children. With Lily’s character, Woolf designs a less likely candidate for motherhood. Lily cannot see herself fulfilling the role of a mother and so as the novel progresses her docile nature is surpassed by her stronger self; that is the self which denies tradition, foregoes motherhood and focuses on the self and its needs. The real transition of traditional to modern female roles can best be witnessed in the portrait Lily paints of Mrs. Ramsey. At the beginning of the novel, Lily attempts to bring to life the spirit of Mrs. Ramsey in a portrait. The men of the house give their stalwart opinions about its composition, its line, color, and size. Lily, in her traditional female role, tries to listen to each man and do what they believe would make a better painting. The painting is subsequently abandoned by Lily who signifies her unloading the opinions of others to try to find out what it is she wants to do. At the end of the novel, Lily once again picks up the painting in hopes of trying to finish it. With the second attempt at the painting, Lily realizes her own artistic vision. She is no longer plagued by following anyone else’s guidelines to her own art and begins painting with only her opinions in mind. Lily is dedicated to finishing the painting and does so with only her own voice to guide her. This revelation signifies the transition for Lily in Woolf’s novel from tradition female who panders to the male audience to a Lily who bears witness to her thoughts only. This means that Lily is strong enough as a woman to deny the right of anyone telling her how to attempt her own vision and to paint according to her own unique style. The painting is representational of how Lily was once burdened by the patriarch and egotistical opinions of the men in the house and at the close of the novel she is finally able to see the fruition of not only her painting but the audience can also see how Woolf lead the audience through Lily’s struggles and finally at the end she becomes her own woman. The accomplishment of the painting also represents how Lily feels on equal grounds with Mr. Ramsey. Mr. Ramsey being a symbol of all men and their facade of superiority is it significant that Lily finally feels on equal grounds with Mr. Ramsey because this means she has found self worth. This can best be seen in the fact that Lily is painting Mrs. Ramsey’s portrait in order to prove to Charles Tansley that women can paint and write. By finishing this painting Lily if proving not only to herself but also to men that women are more than capable of great artistic accomplishments. Self-worth is a primary attribute of the modern woman in Woolf novels, and To the Lighthouse is no exception. The pairing of these two women exemplifies how traditional roles and modern roles for women were enforced through patriarchy. The purpose of the novel and the emphasis on the roles of women and the fulfilling of these roles through Woolf’s characters portrays a significant divergence from typical feminist literature. Mrs. Ramsey affirms herself through her motherhood and the way in which this affects her view of all men; that they are more like children who need a guiding hand. Mr. Ramsey fulfills this role of ego and so the novel is complete with the victory of matriarchy over patriarchy even with the involvement of motherhood which is seen more as a traditional female role. It is with Lily however that a more complete vision of the modern woman may be seen. It is also, with her finishing the painting that the unity which Mrs. Ramsey sought at the beginning of the novel is accomplished. This unity is found in Lily realizing herself to be equal to the ego of man; in particular Mr. Ramsey. It is Mr. Ramsey, who, at the end of the novel becomes less significant because of his constant need for affirmation. Due to Lily not being able to give him this only proves that she has become a modern woman because Mrs. Ramsey as a traditional woman pandered to her husband’s needs but Lily has broken the tie between Mr. Ramsey’s wants herself. In closing it must be re-emphasized that while Mrs. Ramsey does portray a more traditional women she also transcends these lines by her own view of the world and her interaction with it. She gives men what they want because she feels as though they are in need of her guidance; the motherhood role. For Lily however who denies this role, she is a modern woman because she finally unfetters herself from the overwhelming voices of egoism and maleness in the house and by doing this she is finally able to finish her painting. It is with the painting that the true role of the modern woman is best expressed by Woolf. The modern woman, or Lily in the novel is a woman who is not in need of affirmation as the men were portrayed to be (i. e. Mr. Ramsey) but she is independent and follows through with her own artistic vision and voice. Bibliography Woolf, Virginia. (1981). To the Lighthouse. Harcourt Brace & Company. New York.

Fixed Rate Treasury Notes Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1615 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Philippine domestic bond market consists of 2 types of bonds short- and long-term bonds; mainly issued by the national government. The majority of bonds in the Philippine bond market are the Treasury notes and bonds. Though the corporate bonds make up a small percentage of the overall bond market, they have been steadily growing their share in the last few years. Over the last 5 years, the Philippine fixed income market has put in efforts to bring structure and order into the bond market environment. However, more work is needed in the organization of the spot market as the market drivers and stakeholders consider it an important and necessary step in creating market structures that will bring robustness into the system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fixed Rate Treasury Notes Finance Essay" essay for you Create order As the credit rating of Philippines was upgraded recently by both SP and Moodys, it has lent a favorable investment environment. Moodys SP Fitch Sovereign FCY LT Rating Ba2 BB+ BB+ Outlook Positive Stable Stable In the secondary market, liquidity for both government and corporate bonds increased as the volume of trade at the fixed income exchange (FIE) climbed to P1,199.5 billion in the first three months of 2012, up by 84 percent y-o-y and by 13.9 percent q-o-q. Source: Bureau of Treasury Recent Highlights The interest rate is on a downward trend and the inflation is almost stable now. However as the countrys economy grows, its important to have the right monetary policies to be able to keep inflation in control. Hence the BSP recently cut the interest by 25 basis points to 3.75 percent in a bid to bring about a strong financial system combined with a balanced and sustainable growth in economy. F:AIMMRRFinanceLabFixed IncomeADBPolicy rates and Inflation trends.png Source: asianbondsonline.adb.org The first quarter of 2012 has shown a surprisingly high growth of 6.4% after a low performance the entire last year. The high growth is primarily driven by increased consumer spending that is underpinned by a healthy remittance inflow and strong credit growth. Size of LCY Bond Market in % of GDP: F:AIMMRRFinanceLabFixed IncomeADBSize of LCY Bond market in % of GDP.png Source: asianbondsonline.adb.org Over the years, there is an increasing number of corporate bonds that are being issued. The public sector continues to dominate the market of total bond issuances with 92% share while the private sector made up for the rest 8%. According to the Bureau of Treasury, the total bond issuance (public and private combined) amounted to 350Bn Pesos in the first quarter of 2012. This marked an increase of 30% as compared to the same quarter last year; while the increase was 57.2% as compared to the previous quarter (Q4 2011). The public sector issuance was up by 31% while the private was up by 17%. This was mainly due to the very liquid domestic financial markets which helped in sourcing funds. Bond Turnover Ratio F:AIMMRRFinanceLabFixed IncomeADBBonds Turnover Ratio.png Source: asianbondsonline.adb.org Bonds Portfolio Corporate Bonds: Bond Name Coupon Maturity YTM LTP Duration RLC 07-14-NWT 8.50% 7/14/2014 8.50% 99.9783024 1.88 RCB 18 R13 7.00% 2/22/2013 7.00% 99.9965188 0.56 MBT 18 R13-NWT 7.75% 10/3/2013 6.875% 101.0914197 1.11 Government Bonds: Ticker Series Coupon Maturity YTM LTP Duration RPGB 7-50 5.375 10/28/2017 4.801125 102.625 4.48 RPGB R510 6 3/3/2016 4.70722 104.375 3.2 RPGB 7-49 7 3/31/2017 4.608435 110.356 3.92 RPGB 5-70 4.625 7/5/2017 4.595661 100.375 4.35 RPGB R7-1 7 9/24/2016 4.541237 109.125 3.6 RPGB R7-2 6.625 8/19/2017 4.564386 108.716 4.27 RPGB 1042 9.125 9/4/2016 4.49242 117.33 3.38 Methodology Listed below are the considerations as well as the methodology that went behind selection of the bonds for investment purpose. The most important criterion for selection was YTM. Secondly, we looked at the maturity date of bonds to be before 2017, in line with the investment philosophy. Thirdly, we calculated the Duration of bonds. Duration refers to the percentage change in the price of a bond caused by one percent change in yield. Hence its a measure of resilience of the price of the bond to interest rate fluctuations. We wanted to calculate DV01 (percentage change in the price of a bond caused by one basis point change in yield) which is a better indicator as the market has become much more volatile in the last few years. Weightages were assigned to these 3 criteria to arrive at a weighted average score for each bond that would help in selecting the top bonds for our portfolio. Bonds with highest yields and the lowest duration made the cut for the portfolio. For corporate bonds, we took into account the credit rating as well. As seen earlier, the Government to Corporate bond ratio is 92:8. At the same time, the corporate bonds are also steadily increasing in volume. After studying the bonds, we decided to split our investment as 60% in Government bonds and 40% in corporate bond. Recommendation Based on the above criteria, we decided to split our investment as 60% in Government Bonds and 40% in corporate bonds. Below, is the portfolio of bonds we selected. Since the interest rates are expected to be low, the bonds with low duration should be traded on the secondary market and the bonds with high duration should be Held to Maturity. Also, the liquidity will be more in case of low duration bonds. Government Securities Government securities are direct and unconditional obligations of the national government. They are issued by the Bureau of Treasury (BTr). Treasury Bills[1]: Treasury Bills (Tbills) carry a maturity of one year or less and can be traded in the secondary market before maturity. Treasury Bills do not bear interest. They are issued and sold at a discount from face value and are redeemed at maturity for the full face value of the instrument.ÂÂ   Issuer National government Term 91, 182, 364 days Tax feature Interest income subject to 20% final withholding tax Type of income Tax paid income Interest computation True discount formula Manner of purchase Auction or through secondary market Fixed-Rate Treasury Notes[2]: Fixed Rate Treasury Notes (FXTNs) are interest bearing and carry a term of more than one year and can be traded in the secondary market before maturity.ÂÂ  Fixed Rate Treasury Notes are considered one of the primest investment instruments in the market. They are safe, liquid and offer attractive returns to investors.ÂÂ  Fixed Rate Treasury notes are issued and sold at a price equal to be face value and are redeemed at maturity for the full face value of the instrument plus interest/coupon of the last period. Issuer National government Term 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 25 years Tax feature Interest income subject to 20% final withholding tax Type of income Tax paid income Rate Fixed for the life of the FXTN; based on lowest accepted yield to maturity on auction date Coupon payment period Payable semi-annually in arrears Interest computation Simple interest/add-on Manner of purchase Auction or through secondary market Retail Treasury Bonds / Multi-Currency Retail Treasury Bonds[3]: Retail treasury bonds are government securities that are issued to small individual investors in smaller denominations with frequent, fixed-rate coupon payments.ÂÂ  These instruments carry a term of more than one year and can be traded in the secondary market.ÂÂ  Retail treasury bonds are issued to underwriters instead of primary dealers.ÂÂ  In April 2010, the government began selling multicurrency retail treasury bonds to enable Filipinos to invest in foreign-currency denominated government securities at an affordable minimum denomination of USD100 or EUR100. Issuer National government Term 3 and 5 years Tax feature Interest income subject to 20% final withholding tax Type of income Tax paid income Rate Fixed for the life of the RTBs Coupon payment period Payable quarterly in arrears Interest computation Simple interest/add-on Manner of purchase Auction or through secondary market Recommendation: Government bonds make up majority portion of the total bond issuances; at the same time the corporate bond issuances are on a steady increasing trend. We will be investing 60% of our fixed income portfolio in government securities. We will be investing in RTB as the minimum amount to invest is 5000 pesos whereas in Treasury bills and Fixed-rate Treasury Notes it is 10 million. Corporate Bonds Robinsons Land Corporation Robinsons Land Corporation, together with its subsidiaries, engages in the acquisition, development, leasing, and sale of real estate properties in the Philippines. It develops, leases, and manages shopping malls, mixed use properties, offices and residential buildings, as well as engages in the land and residential housing development activities comprising socialized housing projects. As of September 30, 2011, it operated 29 shopping malls, including 6 malls in Metro Manila and 23 malls in other urban areas in the Philippines. ROBINSONS LAND CORPORATION (RLC) Year ended on Revenues Net Income Interest Coverage Ratio ROE Sep-10 11,297.00 3,592.80 15.23 13.10% Sep-11 13,344.50 3,974.10 20.39 10.20% Bond Name Coupon Maturity YTM RLC 07-14-NWT 8.50% 7/14/2014 8.50% Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC) is a universal bank in the Philippines that provides a wide range of banking and financial products and services. In terms of capital the bank rank 4th among the private banks in Philippines. The Bank and its subsidiaries are engaged in all aspects of traditional banking, investment banking, retail financing (credit cards, auto loans and mortgage/housing loans), leasing, foreign exchange and stock brokering. RIZAL COMMERCIAL BANKING CORPORATION (RCB) Year ended on Revenues Net Income ROE NPA CAR Dec-10 16,424.00 4,248.00 14.08% 4.37% 17.77% Dec-11 18,678.00 5,007.00 13.96% 3.57% 18.52% Half year ended on June 2012 9,807.00 3,008.00 15.43% 3.57% 17.11% Bond Name Coupon Maturity YTM RCB 18 R13 7.00% 2/22/2013 7.00% Metropolitan Bank Trust Company Metropolitan Bank Trust Company, together with its subsidiaries, provides a range of banking and financial products and services. Its Consumer Banking segment offers individual customers deposits, including savings, checking, and time deposits; and provides consumer type loans and credit cards. The Corporate Banking segment engages in handling loans and other credit facilities; and offers deposit and current accounts to corporate and institutional customers. Companys Investment Banking segment arranges structured finance, as well as provides services relating to privatizations, initial public offerings, and mergers and acquisitions. The Treasury segment offers money market, trading, and treasury services. METROPOLITAN BANK TRUST COMPANY (MBT) Year ended on Revenues Net Income ROE NPL CAR ROA Dec-10 39,339.00 8,366.00 10.27% 2.88% 16.40% 0.96% Dec-11 44,945.00 11,031.00 11.17% 2.22% 17.40% 1.20% Half year ended on June 2012 26,644.00 7,417.00 13.43% 2.63% 18.53% 1.56% Praveen Sharma [emailprotected]/* */ Bond Name Coupon Maturity YTM MBT 18 R13-NWT 7.75% 10/3/2013 6.875%

A Brief Note On Public Smoking Bans And Smoking Behavior

Can Alaluf Student Number: 999021696 Referee Report on One last puff? Public smoking bans and smoking behavior Article Summary: One last puff? Public smoking bans and smoking behavior written by Anger, Kvansnicka and Sidler tries to examine how the effects of bans on public smoking influence individual smoking behavior. The authors observe the state level smoking bans that were introduced in Germany’s sixteen federal states effective on different dates in 2007 and 2008. The study shows a 2 percentage points decrease in propensity to smoke and propensity to smoke regularly among individuals with above median propensity to go out in regular basis, moreover average demand dropped by 0.42 cigarettes. This means that people who tend to go out more than the median of the population got effected by the law and decreased the number of cigarettes they smoked. The study shows that effectiveness of the law is largest for people who are in the top quartile for the propensity to go out. The authors try to identify the effects of the bans on individuals smoking propensity and intensity. The work is relevant and imp ortant since for a long time lawmakers have been attempting to cut down the figure of people smoking in a population. The survey is important because it analyzes the effectiveness of policies taken by the government. The economic literature on the effectiveness of laws that try to reduce smoking is wide. Previous studies include price change and increases in excise tax onShow MoreRelatedTobacco Advertising Is Illegal but Alcohol Is Not. Is This Hypocritical?3161 Words   |  13 Pagesthe viewers and listeners of the advertisements, specifically the youth audience. The principles involved with alcohol promotion are examined with a lens that incorporates the views of Horkheimer and Adorno’s perspective on advertising. 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